In 1967, his book Folk Song in England was published. 'We realise that the confusion in the 'Infirmary', where the dead person is a woman but the funeral is ordered for a man, is surely due to the fact that the original ballad was commonly recorded in a form in which the sexes were reversed, so singers were often in two minds whether they were singing of a rakish man or a bad girl'.: 21Lloyd's second article is cited as a reference by Kenneth Goldstein in his liner notes for a 1960 Folkways LP called The Unfortunate Rake. The curious switchover from the actual death of the girl to the hypothetical death of the gambler creates some ambiguity too'.: 19 Lloyd points out that in some early variants of 'The Unfortunate Rake' the sex of the victim of venereal disease was female. James Infirmary' began life as a Negro song'.: 10 The second article includes the following comment on the song: 'Most versions of 'Infirmary' include a number of stanzas from other songs, grafted on to the main stem – a confusion especially common with songs current among Negroes.

Such ballads are rare in Negro song.So doubts are raised about whether 'St. The first article asserts that 'the song is, or was before it became corrupted, a narrative ballad.

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